Central Asia: State Department Report Takes Tashkent to Task

The State Department also noted modest improvements in enforcement of laws on human trafficking, in prison conditions and in the ability of local journalists to participate in foreign embassy events. It likewise noted that, for the first time in several years, the government of Uzbekistan approved some Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe programs in the "human dimension," which generally relate to human rights and democratization.

Still, the picture the report draws of Uzbekistan is overwhelmingly negative, which should serve as a caution to US government officials who are now advocating closer ties with Tashkent, said Eric McGlinchey, a Central Asia expert at George Mason University. As in 2002, when the United States established an airbase in Uzbekistan, some in Washington are currently arguing for a policy of "enhanced engagement" with Uzbekistan. That engagement bore little fruit then, McGlinchey noted. "I'm hearing a similar 'enhanced engagement' discourse from some within the US government today," he said. "The 2009 report can serve an important role and temper some of the expectations of enhanced engagement."

The State Department rights report was harshly critical of Kyrgyzstan, in particular for its election conduct, pressure on NGOs and independent media, poor treatment of refugees and prisoners, and pervasive corruption. Kyrgyzstan was the only country in the region to report arbitrary killings, including at least one in which Ministry of Internal Affairs personnel are suspected of involvement, noted Erica Marat, a Washington-based political analyst. She said that overall "the situation particularly worsened in Kyrgyzstan."

The report did note some improvements by Bishkek: "Unlike in previous years, there were no reports that the government forcibly returned Uzbek refugees or asylum seekers to Uzbekistan," the report said. The report also noted some small improvements in Kyrgyzstan's media environment: for the first time in recent years, there were no libel lawsuits against opposition newspapers that were suspected of being politically motivated and designed to suppress criticism. In addition, an increase in advertising revenue meant that media outlets could reduce dependence on government funding for financial support.

Kazakhstan, which recently assumed the chairmanship of the OSCE, saw little improvement in its human rights situation in 2009, the report said, noting: "severe limits on citizens' rights to change their government; military hazing that led to deaths; detainee and prisoner torture and other abuse; unhealthy prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; lack of an independent judiciary; restrictions on freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association; pervasive corruption, especially in law enforcement and the judicial system; prohibitive political party registration requirements; restrictions on the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); discrimination and violence against women; trafficking in persons; and societal discrimination."

The report did call attention to improved Kazakhstani government action to help victims of human trafficking.

Tajikistan, the report said, remained "an authoritarian state," with restrictions on elections, the press and NGOs; patterns of police abuse and impunity for security forces and "harsh and life-threatening prison conditions."

In Turkmenistan, "although there were modest improvements in some areas, the government continued to commit serious abuses, and its human rights record remained poor," the report stated. The improvements included greater access to the Internet, cooperation with NGOs on children's health and respect for restrictions on pre-trial detention. "In contrast with previous years, there were no reports during the year that authorities detained persons in psychiatric hospitals as punishment," the report noted.

The report said that while school curriculum continues to include study of the Ruhnama, the book reputedly written by the country's former dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, the amount time devoted to study of Niyazov's writings is declining. The study of the Ruhnama is no longer a separate course for secondary school students, but it remains so for primary students. Meanwhile, secondary school textbooks were revised to "remove all text devoted to Niyazov and his family; however, a picture of Niyazov continued to appear on the first page of each textbook."

Instead of studying Niyazov's works, more time is being devoted in schools to the study of the writings of the country's current president, Gurbanguly Berdymuhammedov: "Teachers reported that [administrators] required them to spend substantially less class time studying Niyazov's works than in the past and instead began introducing books and speeches by President Berdymuhammedov into the curriculum," the report said.